When it happens that a new belief comes to one as consciously generated from a previous belief, - an event which can only occur in consequence of some third belief (stored away in some dark closet of the mind, as a habit of thought) being in a suitable relation to that second one, - I call the event and inference, or a reasoning.
http://www.commens.org/dictionary/entry/quote-essay-toward-improving-our-reasoning-security-and-uberty-1